Summary
Lavender is in research focus due to its increasing economic importance, while market demand is expected to continue to increase. Among hundreds of essential oil plants, Lavandula angustifolia Mill. remains one of the most valuable. This paper explores the timeline of the lavender chain from harvest to product, examining the expanding knowledge of properties, phytochemical profile and functional capabilities of lavender that may lead to new products and uses. Lavender crops can be grown without competing for productive land, instead using marginal, contaminated or unproductive land. A new farming trend proposes to take advantage of agricultural background biodiversity, arbuscular mycorrhizae and natural enemies of pests for healthy crops. With breeding efforts targeting high-performance genotypes with complex fluctuation profiles with resistance to specific biotic (especially phytoplasma) and abiotic (salt, heavy metals) stresses, the industry has been able to produce high-quality There can be constant supply of raw materials. In addition to expanding the use of essential oils in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food and environmental and agricultural applications, new channels have emerged for the use of the solid by-product, which is rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides. These channels have the potential to create additional value chains. Stabilization and optimization oftechno-functional delivery systems through essential oil encapsulation can extend shelf life and enhance bioactivity efficiency.
- Introduction
The market for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is growing due to the increasing demand for specialty materials derived from them that have wide and varied uses. Of all the specialty materials derived from MAPs, essential oils are some of the most valuable. An estimated 3,000 essential oils are known today, but only about 150 are of commercial importance. Worldwide production is difficult to ascertain, but available data suggest that essential oil crops worldwide cover more than half a million hectares. The European market is experiencing a growing trend in production, as leading fragrance and flavor manufacturers are located here. In these conditions, many European countries have increased their production. Lavender is one of the most valuable plants in the range of MAPs of commercial importance, and is cultivated for industrial purposes. Lavender essential oil is the most sought-after product derived from the lavender crop as it is added to a wide range of products. The essential oils obtained from species and hybrids of the genus Lavandula are about 1500 tons annually. It is difficult to estimate the amount of lavender essential oil found in commerce each year, as official statistics do not account for the amount of adulteration or synthetic lavender essential oil on the market. France was among the original countries that cultivated lavender, and was among the first exporters of lavender essential oil to the cosmetic industry worldwide. The top lavender producing countries are Bulgaria and France, followed by other countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Morocco, United Kingdom, United States, Australia, South Africa and China. The number of gardens in and outside of Europe has increased recently. Growing demand has been fueled by consumer behavior over the past few years. MAPs improve quality of life and well-being and offer a positive experience associated with their health-promoting properties. A survey in Romania shows that conscious consumers of MAPs generally prefer naturally derived products with environmental certifications that reflect increased health and environmental awareness.Although lavender cultivation has become a tradition in Europe and many parts of the world, recent literature lacks a general overview of the entire lavender production chain from harvest to product. Both opportunities and challenges have recently arisen that affect growers and the processing sector alike.
Traditionally, from the crop to the product, the speed of the lavender was easy. The crop was harvested and sent for Asoon. The farmer benefited from selling flower peaks, and according to its standards, the processor from selling only essential oil from it. Sometimes both activities included an entity. However, it operates on the same line of operation and is dealt with the same raw material, which leads to the same product. The problem with this approach is that it lacks the latest opportunities for making value and additional income. LE LE, to maximize the beneficial results, both lavender farmers and processing sector should consider complementary and secondary use options to make full use of market opportunities. Literature is very high in various interesting results, but so far it is rarely known when it can be viable, or how they can be connected to existing consumer trends. For this reason, this review summarizes the current state of knowledge by eliminating the long -term farming methods and traditional use with the novel. In addition to the approach to emerging insects, farming technologies and quality quality, challenges related to factors affecting them have also been researched.
The purpose of this study was to provide a review of the latest trends of lavender crops and products, which emphasized the necessary oil standards, as essential oil is economically the most important product obtained from the lavender at this time. – Two objectives were explained: With emphasis on emerging trends, reviewing the state of art in lavender crops and products. Identifying the flaws contained about the improvement of lavender crops and products and increases opportunities.
- The original, botanicals and fatty chemistry janes of Laudola
Lyundola Jeans belongs to the Lemisi family. It is an economically an important botanic family that includes many herbs and shrubs that are known for their medications or pure use and worldwide cultivation. Flowers are herbs, in which the features are two lobbyist morphology and immune that attract flies. Plants offer glands above the aerial organs and can abundant parts of the plants in terms of species. These epidermal structures contain fragrant fluctuations. The shape, localization and density of these structures have specific features in the species of this botanic family. Their density, frequency and size affect essential oils obtained. This family feature is also different glycosides of taxonomic importance In Eastern Europe, one of the most cultivated gene type of Landola Angocepholia aspects of ‘Sepopolis’: (a) influxation. (B) with a protective role, the glandular tricomes located in the Calx drains and branches of branches increased to 160 %. (c) In the background, a glandular troupe and branch protective trash increased the microscope sideline, 400 × (the original images of Ioana C., 2024).
Londola jeans include 39 species, 79 infrastructure tax and numerous hybrids, which have been classified in 3 subjections and 8 sections. There are also about 400 registered farmers. Jeans naturally range from the North Atlantic to India. Inside the jeans, the species of the commonly cultivated are L Engstapholia (lavender or true lavender), L Latifolia medic. -(London) The latter is a sterile hybrid that has been derived from the crossing of L Engstapholia × L Latefolia. The essential production of oil is the most cultivated jeney-type linglsfolia and L. Intermedia, but the lavender oil (L. Angovicia) is priced at 3-5 times higher than the Landan Oil, because it is high Consider quality. . The plants of the levyola jeans are rich in phenolic compounds, identified as 8 anthocyanins and 19 flowns, and the necessary structure varies in the species of jeans, which contain more than 300 tarpens (mono-and sesquiterpenes).
El Angospholia, also known as the Levender, is from Spain to the mountainous areas of the Mediterranean from France and Italy, where it usually increases at a height of more than 1500 meters. There are two sub -types: SSP. Angstpholia, French and Italian Alps, and SSP residents. From Perinica, Perenez. However, with the wild SSP, some significant differences have been reported between the formation of essential oils of these sub -generations. Perinica is considered unacceptable for ordinary commercial grade lavender oil, and SSP. Angstpholia is the most economically important of these two. The origin of the mountain of this species makes it – harder in cultivation. It grows like a shrub, reaches 50 cm in width, which flows from mid -June to July. These species are distinguished from 3-9 floral stomachs, nutrients with basal stains, blubbed ugly stains and twice from a curl tube. The leaves are easy and complete. Like many members of the Lamius family, the plants of this species also offer capitate and pallet -tricomed on the air organs, but in the lavender, they reach the most frequently on the flower calcares. Trycoum density can vary from a certain degree between farmers and due to nutrition. The essential oil components from fragrant plants are considered to be secondary metabolitis, and have different roles in the life of the plants, which work as attractive agents for the jirgas, indicating between plants and against biotic and abvatic stress. Some interfere with the defense method. The main ingredients of the essential oils of the lavender’s commercial jeney type are the linole and linel acetate (in each of the more than 20 %)
- Trends for farming challenges and L. Angostifolia crop
3.1. The habit of cultivated plants
As far as the plant is the life of the plant, in the moderate conditions of Europe, according to the Ronicier rating system, the lavender is treated as a Champhite. Repeated buds are located on permanent strings above the soil surface. The lavender has been classified as a plant, evergreen, evergreen, but can be trained in the habit of more herbs with harvesting, though the plant still forms some wooden stems and shoots. Is It offers a plant, which offers a herbs capable of reaching 2 meters or more in the soil. The trunks of the form of a bush of 30 to 70 cm height are remrapy directly from the base, which is regularly maintained in a globalized shape by harvesting and is trimmed on crop harvesting. Wooden trunks have flared up. Flowers are formed on the upper part of the plant, which has a flower with a flower stem. Influorersus offers a variable number of Sudo-Artisylster (3-8) each with 2-7 fluctates. The gardening rating distinguishes three types of Lingstpholia: dwarf cultivation, medium and giant cultivation according to the habit of development. The level of compactors also varies.
3.2. Environmental factors requirements
Lavender prefers climate with hot summer and cold winter. However, due to its high environmental plastics, these species can be grown in a wide range of geographical areas. This requires relatively high temperature to enter the germination and plant phase: 10-15 ° C. Young plants are more sensitive to the extreme events of the weather, but adult plants are hard. Permanently wet summer regions can cause fungal infections in plants, and are less suitable for crops. Lavender plants can use less fertile soil, deleted soil and steep soil, but prefer a crushed soil that is a modest fertile with neutral (6.4), which is slightly alkaline pH (8.2) reactions. Poorly sleeping and extremely acidic soil is less suitable. Water requirements are moderate, and plants are occasionally resistant to drought, but prefers long -term drying plants. Young plants need moisture in soil during their first year. In Poland conditions, a study suggests that the use of excess irrigation in increased lavender has increased hydrogenated compounds in essential oils, while in non -conscious plants, oxidized compounds were higher than in the plants. Regarding drought in relation to drought, an experiment suggests that spraying of unhealthy acid can have positive effects, and due to the possibility of using it as an interference in the case of drought, This should be further tested in field conditions.
3.3. The formation of the crop and spread
3.3.1. Propaganda lavender plants can be spread through seeds, cuts, plant divisions, laying or tissue culture. The most common and widely used method is cutting. This method is used for the advertising of the lavender for both nursery stock and field crop .The method is used to achieve clonal lavender plants that are required by the standards required for crop plants that essential oil extraction Provide biological materials used for.
The cuts are derived from healthy plants 3-5 years old in the autumn or in the spring (September, October, March or April). Cutting can be of two types: (1) 3-8 cm long tip cuts from the green growth of solid plants, or (2) the cutting with heel with wood from the previous season. Cutting should be removed on the basal section and the cut area should be sterilized by soaked in hypoklorite or any other solution, and in addition, before entering the damp root mix, their treatment hormone (Indo-3- The quirkic acid can also be done with 2000 ppm.Colding can be kept to root out in a cold frame or non -hot greenhouse, but with regular error, it should be protected from cold and direct sunlight. Depending on the temperature, the root plants should be obtained within a few weeks. Transplant of branches stimulates these indicators are usually peeking. Planting on the field can occur after 6-8 weeks and during the appropriate weather conditions. The media has proved to be important for cutting the root period and root system architecture. Promotion with seeds is not so important for commercial crops, but in some cases it can be employed, such as in the programs. This method is also used in France to spread the wild jeney type of lavender plants from the mounting lavender in France, which can be used to obtain essential oils according to standards. The thousand-side mass is 0.9-1 g. To establish 1 ha-lavender crop, plants can be obtained at the level of 100-150 meters 2 using 0.3kg of seeds sown in nursery beds. The germination is not the same and it takes longer to achieve the suitable plants for the formation of the field crop.
Preaching is also possible through tissue culture, but the most justified is when small quantities are available or a large number of plants are needed. A corrected in the Vatro Creating Protocol shows that Marshang and Skug Medium 1.0 mg/l benzelineoporine (BAP) and 0.1 mg/L nephrithylinic acid (NAA) is additional The highest number of shoots received in this species was obtained through direct organs. The plants obtained through this procedure further adapt to the former vitro with high survival rate (> 80 %). However, in the field conditions of the essential oil quality obtained, the plants should be further verified in the vitro. It has been suggested that research on the comparison of the agricultural sector along with biotechnology studies will continue.Saving is another method of advertising, when branches near the earth are either covered with clay, or small mounds are made to get into contact with the lower branches. Once the roots of these parts are eliminated, they can be cut off andrebuilt. However, this method is not ideal for the spread of lavender crops on a commercial scale, but can be used to achieve clonal plants to replace the lost plants in the line in the field.
3.3.2. Field crops lavender is a perennial crop, which can be cultivated at the same place for 8-15 years or 20-30 years. The longevity of the crop depends on the proper harvest. The crop can be started at any time until spring, but farmers now know that planting in the fall produces more flowers next year. At the time of the formation of the crop, it is important to ensure proper soil preparation. Commercial gardens usually gently slowly slopes on the ground with sloping angles, no more than 15 than, ensure good drainage and avoid water logging. Established. Soil amylorants can be used to improve soil conditions. For example, gypsum can be used for heavy soda soil to help break the breakdown. For clay soil or sandy soil, the increase of organic matter can improve the structure. In some cases milling can also be beneficial with gravel or wood chips or other organic types. Spoon drains can be made for channel water run. Sand slicing can be adopted as an easy way, and it contains tight slots in sand -filled soil to eliminate more water. If there is a permanent problem in the region, sub -level drains may be needed to fix water prices.During the months of September and October, plants and roots can be planted in the fall, with a row between plants in each row and 100 cm between 50-75 cm, 13,000-20,000 plants/hectares. The density reaches, which has a density forplanting. Low density on poor soil and rich soil.
3.3.3. Potted plants and unconventional crops have a study on sub -subtitles for cultivating lavender vessels shows that the use of stomach and compost takes plants with high properties from the gardening point of view, but fluctuations organic The compounds did not turn into tested substrates. The authors suggested that locally eaten materials, such as demolition gatherings, could be included in the sub -reservoir of growth. Due to concerns about unstable exploitation of Patlands for nursery substrates and Potted plants, a study has shown that 25 % of the lavender for the development of plants in containers without negative influence on the development and quality of the plants Stomach -based substrates containing biochars can be used.
